English Lingustics

English Consonant Sounds : http://www.eltnotebook.blogspot.com/

 

Place of Articulation(조음장소)

Bilabial(양순음)

Labiodental(순치음)

Interdental(치음)

Alveolar(치경음)

Palatal(경구개음)

Velar(연구개음)

Uvular(목젖)

Glottal(성문음)

Manner of Articulation (조음방법: how they are produced.)

Sonorants(공명음)

Obstruents(장애음=sotp=polsive) p, t (only)

Nasals(비음)

Orals(구강음)

폐쇄음

Fricative(마찰음)

Sibilants(치찰음) hissing sound

Glides(전이음) yes, why

Lateral(설측음) school, line

Affricates(파찰음)a plosive and a fricative combined e.g)church, judge
-voiceless palatal affricate:
cheese, feature, much, chin, wretched, coach, coach, choke, riches, inch
-voiced palatal affricate:
gin, midget, ridge, jest, age, joist, stringent, edge

자음의 기술방법 3가지는?

1. 유성음인지 무성음인지? (성대의 진동상태)
2. 조음장소가 어디인가?
3. 조음방법이 어떠한가?

Aspirated(기음) Part, Ten, Come

Unaspirated(비기음) : Spell, Start, School

비파열음(기음과 비기음도 아닌 소리): Map, Mat, Mack

p: voiceless blilabial, stop

b: voiced bilabial stop

v: voiced labiodental fricative

s: voiceless alveolar fricative

z: voiced alveolar fricative

h: glottal fricative

Vowels

• Rounded vowels: boot, put, boat, bore, bomb

• Unrounded vowels: other vowels

형태론(Morphology)

• 단어의 형태를 연구하는 언어학의 한 분야
• 단어의 내적 구조와 단어의 형성과정에 관한 연구

형태소(morpheme) : The smallest meaningful unit (Plural S, books, cats, pencils..)

• Free morpheme- book, cat, pencil
• Bound morpheme- s

통사론(Syntax)

문장의 구조를 연구대상으로 하는 언어학의 한 분야. 단어나 형태소를 선형적으로 배열하여 상호관계를 맺음으로써 하나의 통일된 의미를 구성해 나간다는 뜻. (문장>구> 단어)

• Phrase structure : 구구조=단어+단어

• Sentence structure : 문장구조=구+구

• Tree diagram(수형도) :The child found the puppy. (NP-the child, VP-found the puppy)

조어법(Word formation)

1. root creation (어근창조)

말 그래도 새로운 제품, 회사, 서비스등에 그동안 없었던 이름이나 어근을 만들어 그 이름만의 독특한 이미지와 심볼을 함께 연상하게 된다.

Google, Yahoo, Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Marlboro, Levi's, Shell

2. compounding word (합성어)

Free morpheme으로 구성된 두 단어가 합쳐져서 새로운 뜻을 이룬 단어들을 말한다.

afternoon, grandfather, update, moonlight, anyone, newborn, uptown, fireflies, something, therefore, without, backbone, footprint, homemade, backward, uplift, honeymoon, dishwasher, toothpick, airport

3. derivation (파생어)

Free morpheme과 bound morpheme 으로 형성되는 것이 compounding word와 차이점이며 free morpheme에 affix를 첨가하여 만들어진 단어들이다.

(Noun)Affection, commitment, consumption, philosophy, refreshment, relative

(Adjectival) incredible, logical, convenient, spectacular, inviolate, horned, earthen, faithful, generic, projectile, newish, tomboyish, listless, courageous,

(Rhymes) admix, commix, infix, postfix, prefix, premix, prix fixe, prolix, transfix, unfix

4. backformation (역순형성)

원래 사용하던 단어의 뜻을 잘못 파악하고 파생어를 제거하여 새로운 단어를 형성하는 과정이다 긴 글자의 길이를 짧게 만든다.

donate from donation

escalate from escalator

air-condition from air conditioning

choreograph from choreography

convect from convection

process from procession

vacuum clean from vacuum cleaner

5. blending (혼성어)

두단어가 섞어지면서 두가지 뜻을 한단어안에 결집시키면서 만들어지는 단어들이다.

bash (bat + mash)

camcorder (camera + recorder)

clash (clap + crash)

docudrama (documentary + drama)

emoticon (emote + icon)

faction (fact + fiction)

flare (flame + glare)

flirtationship (flirting + relationship)

glimmer (gleam + shimmer)

infotainment (information + entertainment)

Jazzercize (jazz + exercise)

palimony (pal + alimony)

pulsar (pulse + quasar)

smash (smack + mash)

sportscast (sports + broadcast)

stagflation (stagnation + inflation)

staycation (stay home + vacation)

textpectation (text message + expectation)

workaholic (work + alcoholic)

6. clipping (절단어)

단어의 길이를 잘라내고 한 부분이 새로운 단어로 만들어져서 사용되어지는 단어들이다.

fax –facsimile / photo -photograph / phone - telephone / gym – gymnasium

/prom- promenade /coed - coeducational student / fridge - refrigerator /

mum - chrysanthemum / bike - bicycle /flu - influenza / exam – examination

Mums are Here

Fall mums are taking center stage now at the market and in our flower beds. For more information and a preview of what you will find Saturday morning, see our web site: http://www.owossofarmersmarket.com/news/2010/9/7/fall-mums-are-here.html

7. acronym (두자어)

NATO와 같이 단어나 구절내에서 주요 이니셜이나 글자만을 뽑아내서 모아진 단어들이다

SCUBA: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

EPCOT: Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow

LASER: Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation

GESTAPO: Geheime Staatspolizei ("secret state police")

INTERPOL: International Criminal Police Organization

JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group

NABISCO: National Biscuit Company

AWOL: Absent Without Official Leave

BASIC (programming language): Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

ZIP Code: Zone Improvement Plan Code

SWAT: Special Weapons and Tactics

IMAX: Image Maximum

8. folk etymology

In linguistic change caused by folk etymology, the form of a word changes so that it better matches its popular rationalisation. For example:

Sand-blind (as if "blinded by the sand") 사람들이 말도 안되는 소리 할경우 고대영어에서 사용하던 sam이나 half 가  들어간 sam-blind ('semi-blind' or 'half-blind') 에서 변경됨.

고대영어bryd-gum의 'bride-man' 이 bridegroom으로 변경됨.

Island 단어의 묵음s가 포함된 것도 민간어원에서 비롯된 것임.(This native Old English word, at one time)

hangnail from agnail- made up of ang "painful" + nail. 

penthouse from pentice

cockroach This word was borrowed directly from Spanish cucaracha but it soon became cockaroach with a spare A in the middle in English.

cocktail Haitian apothecary Antoine Peychaud (famous for his Peychaud bitters) served a mixed brandy drink at parties he held at his New Orleans apothecary shop in a French eggcup called a coquetier, pronounced, roughly, [cocktyay].

female Middle English borrowed this word as femelle from Old French. French inherited it from Latin femella "small or dear woman", a diminutive of femina "woman".

hooray : huzzah으로 시작하여 원인을 알수없지만 hurrah로 변경된후 민간어원이 되면서  hooray가 되었는데  발음이 who ray와 같으며 영어의 뜻은 good and easily recognizable.

9. reduplication (중첩)

영어 단어를 좀더 재미있게 조합하여 의미를 부각해서 표현하도록 만든 것들이다.

claptrap, hokey-pokey, honey-bunny, razzle-dazzle, slim jim, super-duper, teenie-weenie, wingding, Bee's Knees (Rhyming reduplication)

bye-bye, choo-choo, night-night, no-no, pee-pee, poo-poo (Exact reduplications: baby-talk-like)

Rhyming, Exact, Ablaut세가지로 나누어서 살펴본다.

출처: http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/reduplication.html

Rhyming:

Boogie-woogie
Chick-flick
Chock-a-block
Gang-bang
Eency-weencyFuddy-duddy
Fuzzy-wuzzy
Hanky-panky
Happy-clappy
Harum-scarumHeebie-jeebies
Helter-skelter
Higgledy-piggledy
Hob-nob, Hobson-jobson, Hocus-pocus
Hodge-podge,Hokey-pokey
Hubble-bubble, Hugger-mugger
Itsy-bitsy/itty-bitty
Jeepers-creepersLardy-dardy
Lovey-dovey, Mumbo-jumbo
Namby-pamby
Okey-dokey, Pell-mell
Raggle-taggle, Razzle-dazzle, Rumpy-pumpy
Shilly-shally, Teenie-weenie, Topsy-turvy
Walkie-talkieWilly-nilly

Exact:

주로 아기들 처음 언어 배울때 사용하는 단어들로써 쉽고 재미있게 단어들을 습득하게 한다.

Blah-blahBling-bling
Bye-bye
Chi-chi
Choo-chooChop-chop
Goody-goody
Knock-knock
No-no
Rah-rah
So-so, Wee-wee, Yada-yada

Ablaut: -주로 혼동스러웁게 들리는 단어구성이다. (toing and froing motion, For example, ding-dong, see-saw, tick-tock, zig-zag. Almost all of these use the vowel 'i' in the first part of the reduplication and either 'a' or 'o' in the second part. Why? I don't know)

Bric-a-bracChit-chat
Dilly-dally
Ding-dong
Fiddle-faddle
Flim-flamKnick-knack
Mish-mash
Ping-pong
Pitter-patter
Riff-raff
See-sawShilly-shally
Sing-song
Tick-tock
Tip-top
Tittle-tattle,
Wishy-washy, Zig-zag

(will be continued..)